美国文学史 篇一：开拓和探索的文学之旅
美国文学史的起源可以追溯到殖民地时期，当时的英国殖民者将他们的文化和文学传统带到了新大陆。这些早期的作品主要以宗教和探索为主题，表达了殖民者对新世界的好奇和对神的信仰。
在17世纪和18世纪，随着英国殖民地的发展，美国文学开始展现出独立的风格和主题。启蒙时代的思想影响了美国文学，作家们开始关注人权、自由和民主等理念。本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等作品成为了当时独立运动的重要文学支持。
19世纪是美国文学发展的黄金时期，被称为“美国文学的复兴”。这个时期涌现了许多杰出的作家和作品。华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱德加·艾伦·坡的恐怖小说为美国文学带来了新的风格和形式。纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》和赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》等作品则探讨了人性和道德的深层次问题。
20世纪初期，美国文学经历了现代主义的冲击。欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《荒原》等作品展示了现代人面对困境时的勇气和坚持。同时，哈雷特·比彻·斯托夫的《汤姆·索亚历险记》和马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》等作品则呈现了美国社会的多样性和复杂性。
随着20世纪的进展，多元文化主义开始在美国文学中占据重要位置。作家们开始关注少数族裔和移民的生活，以及他们在美国社会中的地位和挣扎。托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和朱迪思·维尔斯的《黄色人种》等作品揭示了美国文化中的种族和性别问题。
美国文学的历史是一个不断开拓和探索的过程。从殖民地时期到现代，作家们通过他们的作品反映了美国社会的变迁和人们的思想。这些作品不仅是文学的瑰宝，更是美国文化和民族精神的重要组成部分。
美国文学史 篇二：挑战和革新的文学之旅
美国文学史的发展不仅仅是一部文学作品的历史，更是一段挑战和革新的旅程。在这个旅程中，作家们不断挑战传统，革新文学形式和风格，为美国文学带来了新的视角和声音。
20世纪初期，现代主义的兴起对美国文学产生了深远的影响。作家们开始追求形式上的突破和实验，挑战传统的叙事结构和语言表达。欧内斯特·海明威的简洁明了的写作风格和威廉·福克纳的流派小说成为了现代主义文学的代表作品。
在现代主义的冲击下，美国文学开始关注个人和内心世界的呈现。作家们通过描述人物的内心矛盾和挣扎，探索人类的存在和意义。弗朗茨·卡夫卡的《变形记》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙的《至灵》等作品展示了现代人在社会和家庭压力下的困境。
20世纪中期，后现代主义成为美国文学的新潮流。作家们开始关注语言的游戏和符号的重构，挑战读者对文学的传统理解。托马斯·品钦的《重返瑞典》和唐·德里罗的《白夜行》等作品以其复杂的结构和多重叙事引起了广泛的关注。
在后现代主义的影响下，美国文学也开始关注社会和政治问题。作家们通过他们的作品探讨种族、性别、阶级等议题，呈现了美国社会的多样性和复杂性。托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和琼塔·迪亚兹的《齐美尔斯的三个世界》等作品为美国文学注入了新的血液和活力。
美国文学史的发展是一个充满挑战和革新的过程。作家们通过他们的作品不断突破传统的局限，挑战读者的思考和理解。这些作品不仅仅是文学的创作成果，更是美国文化和社会进步的见证。在这个旅程中，美国文学不断演进和发展，为读者们带来了无尽的启示和思考。
美国文学史 篇三
美国文学史
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />Abstract:
America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature
had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to developed. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized inpidualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence of Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began.
My piece of paper is written in chronological order as these periods developed in order to have a clear outline of its progress.
Keywords: National Literature, Romanism, Transcendentalism, Local Color, Realism, Modern literature
摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲的很大影响。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始发展。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的'超验主义文学。爱默生的时代是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了阶段。
我的论文随着这些时代的发展以时间顺序展开， 以便对于美国文学史的产生和发展纲要能有一个清晰的条理。
关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学
American is a multi-national country. Just like a big container, which put in various kinds of elements. Different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic feeling. Many writers come from lower level, which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local color. Furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th century.
The process of American literature can be pided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern literature.
America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. After that, American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long period. It was not until America’s independence, did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and American literature began to develop. The Civil War was a watershed in the history, after which American literature entered a period of full blooming. Romantics, which emphasized inpidualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into being. This was an exciting period in the history of American literature. Like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. They have given depth and strength to American literature, and accelerated the forming of High Romantics. But due to the influence if Civil War, the American society was in a turbulent situation. The writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. After The First World War, Americans were at a loss postwar, and the Modern American literature began.
1. Colonial and early American literature
(1). Travelers and Explorers
When the European explorers first came to this new continent, the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no written language, “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (Wu Dingbo, 1) As time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed in. They wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts to describe the new land as second Eden. No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European adventurers. Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608), and Description of New England (1616).
Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and nature. They loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to nature. This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American writers. It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans, the Transcendentalists, the Naturalists, and even the Moderns, when we read Anne Bradstreet, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Crane, and Ernest Hemingway, we can find similar themes.
(2) Pilgrim settlements
Several years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the New World. This group was looking for the Jamestown settlement. However, because of bad navigation, they landed in Massachusetts. They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the Jamestown settlement. They wanted to start a new world governed by the Bible. They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves pure. They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth. This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first Americans."
